Horreum: Difference between revisions

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~~#REDIRECT~~ [[~~Horreum_~~(~~disambiguation~~)]]

{{Short description|Public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period}}

A '''''horreum''''' (plural: ''horrea'') was a type of public warehouse used during the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] period. Although the [[Latin language|Latin]] term is often used to refer to [[granary|granaries]]. By the end of the imperial period, the city of Rome had nearly 300 ''horrea'' to supply its demands.<ref>Peter Lampe, ''Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus'', p. 61. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. {{ISBN|0-8264-8102-7}}</ref> The biggest were enormous, even by modern standards; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (21,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<ref name="Potter">David Stone Potter, D. J. Mattingly, ''Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire'', p. 180. University of Michigan Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-472-08568-9}}</ref> They provided storage for not only the annona publica (public grain supply) but also a great variety of resources like olive oil and foodstuffs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richardson |title=A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome |date=1992 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |pages=193}}</ref> The amount of storage space available in the public ''horrea'' can be judged by the fact that when the emperor [[Septimius Severus]] died in 211 AD, he is said to have left the city's ''horrea'' stocked with enough food to supply Rome's million-strong population for seven years.<ref name="Métreaux">Guy P.R. Métreaux, "Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria", in ''The Roman Villa: Villa Urbana'', ed. Alfred Frazer, p[. 14-15. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1998. {{ISBN|0-924171-59-6}}</ref> Smaller (though similar) ''horrea'' were a standard feature of Roman towns, cities and forts throughout the empire; well-preserved examples of military ''horrea'' have been excavated on [[Hadrian's Wall]] in [[England]], notably at the forts of [[Housesteads]], [[Corbridge]] and [[South Shields]].<ref>David Soren, ''A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery'', p. 209. L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1999. {{ISBN|88-7062-989-9}}</ref>

==History==

The first ''horrea'' were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC,<ref name="Patrich">Joseph Patrich, "Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima", in ''Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective After Two Millennia'', p. 149. BRILL, 1996. {{ISBN|90-04-10378-3}}</ref> with the first known public ''horreum'' being constructed by the ill-fated [[tribune]] [[Gaius Gracchus]] in 123 BC.<ref name="Métreaux" /> The word came to be applied any place designated for the preservation of goods; thus it was often used to refer to cellars (''horrea subterranea''), but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored,<ref>[[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]], Epist. VIII.18</ref> or even to a library.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], Epist. 45</ref> Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks, where valuables could be stored, but the most important class of ''horrea'' were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state.<ref>William Smith, ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Horreum.html A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]'', p. 618. John Murray, London, 1875.</ref> Rome's insatiable demands for foodstuffs meant that the amount of goods that passed through some of the city's horrea was immense, even by modern standards. The artificial hill of [[Monte Testaccio]] in Rome, which stands behind the site of the Horrea Galbae, is estimated to contain the remains of at least 53 million olive oil amphorae in which some 6 billion litres (1.58 billion gallons) of oil were imported.<ref name="Ward-Perkins">Bryan Ward-Perkins, ''The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization'', pp. 91-92. Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-280728-5}}.</ref>

==Design and naming==

[[File:Ostia, horrea epagathiana 01.JPG|thumb|The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, a ''horreum'' in Ostia built c. 145–150 AD]]

The ''horrea'' of Rome and its port, [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]], stood two or more stories high. They were built with ramps, rather than staircases, to provide easy access to the upper floors. Grain horrea had their ground floor raised on pillars to reduce the likelihood of damp getting in and spoiling the goods. Many ''horrea'' appear to have served as great trading areas with rows of small shops (''[[taberna]]e'') off a central courtyard; some may have been fairly elaborate, perhaps serving as the equivalent of modern shopping arcades. Others, such as those in Ostia, dispensed with the courtyard and instead had rows of ''tabernae'' standing back-to-back. In the [[Middle East]], horrea took a very different design with a single row of very deep ''tabernae'', all opening onto the same side; this reflected an architectural style that was widely followed in the region's palaces and temple complexes, well before the arrival of the Romans.<ref name="Patrich" /><ref name="Claridge">Claridge, Amanda (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xtoVDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Horreum+OR+Horrea%22 Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide]'', First, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 55. {{ISBN|0-19-288003-9}}</ref>

Unsurprisingly, security and fire protection were major concerns. ''Horrea'' were frequently built with very thick walls (as much as {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} thick) to reduce the danger of fire, and the windows were always narrow and placed high up on the wall to deter theft. Doors were protected with elaborate systems of locks and bolts. Even the largest ''horrea'' usually only had two or three external doors, which were often quite narrow and would not have permitted the entrance of carts. The arduous task of moving goods into, out of and around ''horrea'' was most probably carried out by manual labour alone; the biggest ''horrea'' would thus have had an enormous staff of labourers.<ref name="Potter" />

Roman ''horrea'' were individually named, some having names indicating the commodities they stored (and probably sold), such as [[wax]] (''candelaria''), [[paper]] (''chartaria'') and [[Black pepper|pepper]] (''piperataria''). Others were named after emperors or other individuals connected with the imperial family, such as the aforementioned Horrea Galbae, which were apparently named after the 1st century AD emperor [[Galba]].<ref name="Claridge" /> A particularly well-preserved ''horreum'' in Ostia, the Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, is known from an inscription to have been named after two [[freedmen]] (presumably its owners), Epagathus and Epaphroditus.<ref>[http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/8/8-3.htm Regio I - Insula VIII - Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana]</ref>

==References==

==Bibliography==

* RICKMAN, G., (1971): Roman Granaries and store buildings. Cambridge.

* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2011): Horrea Militaria. El aprovisionamiento de grano al ejército en el occidente del Imperio romano, Anejos de Gladius 14, Madrid.

* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2009): “Los graneros militares romanos de Hispania”. En MORILLO, A., HANEL, N. & MARTÍN, E., (eds.): Limes XX. Estudios sobre la Frontera Romana. Anejos de Gladius 13. Volumen 2. Madrid, 679-692. I.S.B.N. 978-84-00-08856-9.

* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2008): “La investigación sobre los horrea de época romana: balance historiográfico y perspectivas de futuro”. CUPAUAM 34, 105-124. I.S.B.N. 978-84-00-08856-9 https://www.uam.es/otros/cupauam/pdf/Cupauam34/3405.pdf

* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2008b): “Los sistemas de almacenamiento y conservación de grano en las villae hispanorromanas”. En FERNÁNDEZ OCHOA, C., GARCÍA-ENTERO, V. & GIL SENDINO, F., (eds.): Las villae tardorromanas en el Occidente del Imperio. Arquitectura y función. IV Coloquio Internacional de Arqueología de Gijón. 26, 27 y 28 de Octubre de 2006, Gijón, 693-706. I.S.B.N.: 978-84-9704-363-2.

==External links==

* [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/8/8-3.htm Regio I - Insula VIII - Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana] - plans and images of an excavated horreum at Ostia Antica

* {{YouTube|7nGZWh-8EoE|Computer reconstruction of the ''horreum'' at Longovicium|}}

[[Category:Ancient Roman architecture]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-#REDIRECT [[Horreum_(disambiguation)]]
+{{Short description|Public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period}}
+{{for|the Collegium|Collegium: Horreum}}
+A '''''horreum''''' (plural: ''horrea'') was a type of public warehouse used during the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] period. Although the [[Latin language|Latin]] term is often used to refer to [[granary|granaries]]. By the end of the imperial period, the city of Rome had nearly 300 ''horrea'' to supply its demands.<ref>Peter Lampe, ''Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus'', p. 61. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. {{ISBN|0-8264-8102-7}}</ref> The biggest were enormous, even by modern standards; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (21,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<ref name="Potter">David Stone Potter, D. J. Mattingly, ''Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire'', p. 180. University of Michigan Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-472-08568-9}}</ref> They provided storage for not only the annona publica (public grain supply) but also a great variety of resources like olive oil and foodstuffs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richardson |title=A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome |date=1992 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |pages=193}}</ref> The amount of storage space available in the public ''horrea'' can be judged by the fact that when the emperor [[Septimius Severus]] died in 211 AD, he is said to have left the city's ''horrea'' stocked with enough food to supply Rome's million-strong population for seven years.<ref name="Métreaux">Guy P.R. Métreaux, "Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria", in ''The Roman Villa: Villa Urbana'', ed. Alfred Frazer, p[. 14-15. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1998. {{ISBN|0-924171-59-6}}</ref> Smaller (though similar) ''horrea'' were a standard feature of Roman towns, cities and forts throughout the empire; well-preserved examples of military ''horrea'' have been excavated on [[Hadrian's Wall]] in [[England]], notably at the forts of [[Housesteads]], [[Corbridge]] and [[South Shields]].<ref>David Soren, ''A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery'', p. 209. L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1999. {{ISBN|88-7062-989-9}}</ref>
+==History==
+The first ''horrea'' were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC,<ref name="Patrich">Joseph Patrich, "Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima", in ''Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective After Two Millennia'', p. 149. BRILL, 1996. {{ISBN|90-04-10378-3}}</ref> with the first known public ''horreum'' being constructed by the ill-fated [[tribune]] [[Gaius Gracchus]] in 123 BC.<ref name="Métreaux" /> The word came to be applied any place designated for the preservation of goods; thus it was often used to refer to cellars (''horrea subterranea''), but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored,<ref>[[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]], Epist. VIII.18</ref> or even to a library.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], Epist. 45</ref> Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks, where valuables could be stored, but the most important class of ''horrea'' were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state.<ref>William Smith, ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Horreum.html A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]'', p. 618. John Murray, London, 1875.</ref> Rome's insatiable demands for foodstuffs meant that the amount of goods that passed through some of the city's horrea was immense, even by modern standards. The artificial hill of [[Monte Testaccio]] in Rome, which stands behind the site of the Horrea Galbae, is estimated to contain the remains of at least 53 million olive oil amphorae in which some 6 billion litres (1.58 billion gallons) of oil were imported.<ref name="Ward-Perkins">Bryan Ward-Perkins, ''The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization'', pp. 91-92. Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-280728-5}}.</ref>
+==Design and naming==
+[[File:Ostia, horrea epagathiana 01.JPG|thumb|The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, a ''horreum'' in Ostia built c. 145–150 AD]]
+The ''horrea'' of Rome and its port, [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]], stood two or more stories high. They were built with ramps, rather than staircases, to provide easy access to the upper floors. Grain horrea had their ground floor raised on pillars to reduce the likelihood of damp getting in and spoiling the goods. Many ''horrea'' appear to have served as great trading areas with rows of small shops (''[[taberna]]e'') off a central courtyard; some may have been fairly elaborate, perhaps serving as the equivalent of modern shopping arcades. Others, such as those in Ostia, dispensed with the courtyard and instead had rows of ''tabernae'' standing back-to-back. In the [[Middle East]], horrea took a very different design with a single row of very deep ''tabernae'', all opening onto the same side; this reflected an architectural style that was widely followed in the region's palaces and temple complexes, well before the arrival of the Romans.<ref name="Patrich" /><ref name="Claridge">Claridge, Amanda (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xtoVDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Horreum+OR+Horrea%22 Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide]'', First, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 55. {{ISBN|0-19-288003-9}}</ref>
+Unsurprisingly, security and fire protection were major concerns. ''Horrea'' were frequently built with very thick walls (as much as {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} thick) to reduce the danger of fire, and the windows were always narrow and placed high up on the wall to deter theft. Doors were protected with elaborate systems of locks and bolts. Even the largest ''horrea'' usually only had two or three external doors, which were often quite narrow and would not have permitted the entrance of carts. The arduous task of moving goods into, out of and around ''horrea'' was most probably carried out by manual labour alone; the biggest ''horrea'' would thus have had an enormous staff of labourers.<ref name="Potter" />
+Roman ''horrea'' were individually named, some having names indicating the commodities they stored (and probably sold), such as [[wax]] (''candelaria''), [[paper]] (''chartaria'') and [[Black pepper|pepper]] (''piperataria''). Others were named after emperors or other individuals connected with the imperial family, such as the aforementioned Horrea Galbae, which were apparently named after the 1st century AD emperor [[Galba]].<ref name="Claridge" /> A particularly well-preserved ''horreum'' in Ostia, the Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, is known from an inscription to have been named after two [[freedmen]] (presumably its owners), Epagathus and Epaphroditus.<ref>[http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/8/8-3.htm Regio I - Insula VIII - Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana]</ref>
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+==Bibliography==
+* RICKMAN, G., (1971): Roman Granaries and store buildings. Cambridge.
+* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2011): Horrea Militaria. El aprovisionamiento de grano al ejército en el occidente del Imperio romano, Anejos de Gladius 14, Madrid.
+* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2009): “Los graneros militares romanos de Hispania”. En MORILLO, A., HANEL, N. & MARTÍN, E., (eds.): Limes XX. Estudios sobre la Frontera Romana. Anejos de Gladius 13. Volumen 2. Madrid, 679-692. I.S.B.N. 978-84-00-08856-9.
+* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2008): “La investigación sobre los horrea de época romana: balance historiográfico y perspectivas de futuro”. CUPAUAM 34, 105-124. I.S.B.N. 978-84-00-08856-9 https://www.uam.es/otros/cupauam/pdf/Cupauam34/3405.pdf
+* SALIDO DOMINGUEZ, J., (2008b): “Los sistemas de almacenamiento y conservación de grano en las villae hispanorromanas”. En FERNÁNDEZ OCHOA, C., GARCÍA-ENTERO, V. & GIL SENDINO, F., (eds.): Las villae tardorromanas en el Occidente del Imperio. Arquitectura y función. IV Coloquio Internacional de Arqueología de Gijón. 26, 27 y 28 de Octubre de 2006, Gijón, 693-706. I.S.B.N.: 978-84-9704-363-2.
+==External links==
+* [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/8/8-3.htm Regio I - Insula VIII - Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana] - plans and images of an excavated horreum at Ostia Antica
+* {{YouTube|7nGZWh-8EoE|Computer reconstruction of the ''horreum'' at Longovicium|}}
+[[Category:Ancient Roman architecture]]

Horreum: Difference between revisions

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